The Elbow Extension Strength Test measures isometric force output during elbow extension. The client straightens the elbow against a Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer, strap or fixed setup while the professional controls arm position and records force. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force. When used with Measurz, additional force-time metrics may be recorded or analysed depending on the setup, protocol and data quality. The result should be interpreted alongside symptoms, shoulder and elbow range of motion, pushing tasks, sport or work demands, baseline comparison and repeated testing.
Elbow extension strength is important for pushing, pressing, throwing, bracing, transfers, climbing, contact sport, overhead activity and manual work.
The main contributor to elbow extension is:
triceps brachii
Other structures can influence the test result, including:
anconeus
shoulder and scapular stabilisers
wrist and grip position
trunk position
client confidence and pain response
A Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer can help quantify elbow extension force rather than relying only on manual muscle testing grades or subjective resistance. This makes baseline testing, left-right comparison and progress tracking more objective.
Handheld dynamometry can be practical for upper-limb testing, but reliability depends on position, stabilisation and method. A systematic review of upper-extremity handheld dynamometry found acceptable intra-examiner reliability most consistently for elbow flexion and extension in healthy subjects, while reliability was less consistent for some other upper-limb movements. (pure.amsterdamumc.nl)
The test does not diagnose triceps tendon injury, nerve involvement, elbow pathology, shoulder pathology or readiness to return to sport or work on its own. It is a strength measurement that should be interpreted with the broader assessment.
The Elbow Extension Strength Test measures how much force a client can produce when straightening the elbow against a fixed or resisted device.
In a Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer setup, the client usually performs a make test:
the device stays still
the client gradually builds force
the client pushes into the device as hard as safely possible
the peak or average force is recorded
For this article, the default version is a push test / make test. The client attempts to extend the elbow while the Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer resists movement at the distal forearm or wrist region.
A strap-stabilised or fixed setup may also be used. This can reduce the influence of assessor strength and improve consistency, especially when testing stronger clients.
Research comparing isometric triceps force at different elbow positions found that elbow angle can affect extension force testing, reinforcing the need to record and repeat the same joint position at retest. (journals.sagepub.com)
The Muscle Meter is a handheld dynamometry tool used to measure force output during push, pull and isometric strength assessments. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment can be recorded, analysed and interpreted with a broader set of strength and force-time metrics. Depending on the test setup, protocol and available data, Measurz and the Muscle Meter can be used to assess and record:
Peak force
Impulse
Torque
Rate of torque development
Rate of force development
Time to peak
Fatigue index
These metrics help professionals move beyond a single strength number and better understand how force is produced, how quickly it is produced, how long it is sustained, and how performance changes across repeated efforts.
For the Elbow Extension Strength Test, the most useful routine metric is usually peak force. Other metrics may be useful in specific situations:
Torque may be useful if the lever arm from the elbow joint to the device placement is measured.
Rate of force development may be useful when rapid pushing, throwing, bracing or contact-sport force production matters.
Time to peak may provide context when a client produces force slowly.
Impulse may be useful if sustained elbow extension force over a selected time window is relevant.
Fatigue index may be useful only if repeated or sustained elbow extension efforts are part of the protocol.
Not every test needs every metric. The most appropriate metric depends on the test goal, body region, setup, client population, device placement, protocol quality and the professional question being asked.
The Muscle Meter and Measurz should be used for measurement, assessment reasoning, comparison, education and progress tracking. They should not be positioned as diagnosing a condition, confirming readiness, clearing participation or explaining symptoms on their own.
Elbow extension strength testing may be useful because the elbow extensors contribute to pushing, pressing and upper-limb support tasks.
The test can help professionals:
establish a baseline elbow extension strength score
compare left and right elbow extension force
monitor progress after training or rehabilitation
track changes after elbow, shoulder, wrist or forearm symptoms
identify whether effort is limited by pain, fatigue or confidence
support client education with objective data
compare strength with pushing, pressing, throwing, bracing or sport demands
record consistent strength information for progress tracking
The test should support assessment reasoning. It should not be used as a stand-alone diagnostic or clearance measure.
When used independently, the Muscle Meter measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, Muscle Meter testing can support deeper analysis of force and strength performance, including:
Peak force: The highest force produced during the test.
Impulse: The total force applied across a selected time period.
Torque: The rotational force produced around the elbow when force and lever arm are considered.
Rate of torque development: How quickly torque is produced.
Rate of force development: How quickly force is produced.
Time to peak: How long it takes to reach the highest force or torque value.
Fatigue index: How much performance declines across repeated or sustained efforts.
For elbow extension, peak force is usually the primary score. Torque may be more meaningful than raw force if the lever arm is measured because elbow extension is a rotational joint action. Rate of force development and time to peak may be relevant in sport or rapid pushing contexts, but they should not be treated as automatically meaningful for every client.
The test may provide insight into:
elbow extension force capacity
triceps contribution
side-to-side force differences
confidence producing force
pain response during resisted elbow extension
change in force over time
relationship between strength and pushing or bracing function
It does not directly measure:
triceps tendon integrity
nerve conduction
shoulder stability
elbow joint pathology
pushing endurance
upper-limb power
throwing readiness
tissue healing
readiness to return to sport or work
Explain the test clearly.
Example wording:
“We are going to measure how much force you can produce when straightening your elbow against the Muscle Meter. This is a strength test, not a diagnosis. Tell me if you feel pain, cramping, numbness, tingling or anything unusual.”
Use:
Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or fixed dynamometry device
flat pad, strap pad or suitable forearm/wrist attachment
optional strap or fixed frame for stabilisation
chair, plinth, wall frame or rig if needed
pain rating scale
assessment recording workflow
Default method:
Push test / make test
The client attempts to straighten the elbow while the stationary device resists the effort.
The professional holds or fixes the device in place.
Alternative method:
Strap-stabilised or fixed test
The device or strap resists elbow extension force.
This can reduce the influence of assessor strength and improve repeatability.
Push and pull values should be recorded separately. Do not compare them unless the protocol supports that comparison.
Common seated position:
seated upright
feet flat on the floor
shoulder near neutral, slightly flexed or supported depending on protocol
elbow flexed to the chosen test angle, commonly around 90 degrees
forearm neutral, pronated or supinated depending on the setup
wrist neutral
upper arm stabilised or supported
trunk upright
Common supine option:
client lies on a plinth
shoulder positioned consistently
elbow at the chosen angle
upper arm supported
device placed at the distal forearm or wrist region
professional or strap resists elbow extension
Common standing option:
standing upright
shoulder and elbow positioned consistently
trunk still
device fixed or assessor-held
stance stable
Record the exact position used.
Record:
shoulder angle
elbow angle
forearm position:
supinated
neutral
pronated
wrist position
whether the upper arm is supported
whether the elbow is close to the trunk or away from the body
Elbow angle matters. Different joint angles change the length-tension relationship and may change force output. Do not compare different elbow angles as if they are the same test.
The professional should position themselves to:
stabilise the upper arm or device
keep the Muscle Meter aligned with the force direction
prevent device slipping
avoid being overpowered by the client
observe trunk, shoulder and wrist compensation
read the device safely
Place the device against the distal forearm or wrist region, depending on the protocol.
Common landmarks include:
distal posterior forearm
just proximal to the wrist crease
dorsal wrist/forearm pad
strap around distal forearm
fixed cuff or handle
Avoid placing the device over painful bony prominences or so close to the hand that wrist position dominates the result.
Record the exact landmark used.
Stabilise:
upper arm
shoulder position
trunk position
wrist position
device or strap
chair, plinth or frame
Avoid:
shoulder flexion or extension compensation
trunk leaning
wrist extension or gripping dominance
elbow moving through range
scapular shrugging
device movement
breath holding
A fixed or strap-stabilised setup is often useful for strong clients because assessor-held handheld dynamometry can be limited by the assessor’s ability to resist force.
The client attempts to extend the elbow:
“straighten your elbow”
force is directed toward elbow extension
the device resists movement
the elbow should remain close to isometric, with minimal visible movement
Use consistent instructions:
“Build up gradually.”
“Straighten your elbow into the device.”
“Push as hard as you safely can.”
“Hold the effort.”
“Keep your wrist still.”
“Keep your shoulder and body still.”
“Keep breathing.”
“Tell me if you feel pain or symptoms.”
Use:
1–2 submaximal practice trials
1 familiarisation maximal effort if needed
consistent cueing
enough rest before recorded trials
Familiarisation is important because some clients press with the shoulder, extend the wrist or lean the trunk instead of producing clean elbow extension force.
A practical protocol:
2–3 recorded trials per side
3–5 second contraction
45–90 seconds rest between trials
same side tested first each time
record best trial or average of trials
Use the same method at retest.
Use enough rest to reduce fatigue:
45 seconds minimum for low-irritability testing
60–90 seconds for stronger clients or high-effort testing
longer rest if pain, cramping or fatigue affects effort
Repeat or mark a trial invalid if:
device slips
elbow angle changes noticeably
shoulder position changes
wrist extension or grip dominates
trunk leans or rotates
client holds breath excessively
pain limits effort unexpectedly
the client does not understand the task
compensations make the result unreliable
Stop testing if the client reports:
sharp elbow, triceps, shoulder or forearm pain
cramping that does not settle
worsening neurological symptoms
numbness or tingling
dizziness or distress
inability to produce safe effort
For clients with acute triceps pain, suspected tendon injury, recent surgery, high-irritability elbow pain or neurological symptoms, use a lower-intensity test or defer maximal testing.
Retest using the same:
device
attachment
client position
shoulder angle
elbow angle
forearm position
wrist position
device placement
stabilisation
side order
number of trials
contraction duration
rest period
scoring method
unit of measurement
A push test usually means the client pushes into the Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer while the device stays still.
For elbow extension testing:
the device is placed at the distal forearm or wrist region
the client attempts to straighten the elbow
the device resists the movement
the score usually reflects peak force
Benefits:
practical
quick to set up
useful for baseline testing
easy to explain to clients
Limitations:
assessor strength can influence the result
device placement affects results
shoulder and wrist compensation can occur
stronger clients may overpower the tester
A pull test may use a strap, cable or fixed attachment where the client pushes or pulls into elbow extension against a fixed resistance.
Benefits:
may improve repeatability when fixed well
may reduce assessor strength influence
useful for stronger clients or repeated monitoring
may better resemble some pushing or bracing tasks
Limitations:
requires more setup
strap placement must be consistent
values may differ from push testing
should be recorded separately
A fixed setup can improve consistency because the device or strap is anchored rather than manually resisted.
This is helpful when:
clients are strong
repeated testing matters
small changes are being tracked
multiple staff need to test consistently
torque or force-time metrics are being used
Push, pull and strap-stabilised scores should not be mixed unless the protocol and evidence support comparison.
Record the exact unit displayed by the device:
kilograms, kg
pounds, lb
Newtons, N
kilograms-force, kgf
pounds-force, lbf
Newton metres, Nm, if torque is calculated
percentage of body weight, %BW, if relevant
In strict physics terms, force is measured in Newtons, while kilograms are a unit of mass. In applied dynamometry, some devices display force-equivalent values in kilograms. For practical recording, use the unit displayed by the device and keep the same unit across retesting.
If using the Muscle Meter alone, the primary score is usually peak force.
If using the Muscle Meter with Measurz, additional metrics may be available, including:
impulse
torque
rate of torque development
rate of force development
time to peak
fatigue index
For the Elbow Extension Strength Test, peak force is usually the most practical primary metric. Torque is useful if the lever arm from the elbow joint to the device placement is measured. Rate of force development and time to peak may be useful in sport, throwing, pushing or contact-sport contexts. Fatigue index is only relevant when repeated or sustained efforts are part of the protocol.
Do not present force-time metrics as diagnostic or clearance tools.
There is no fixed universal score range. Scores depend on:
device
units
body size
shoulder angle
elbow angle
forearm position
device placement
stabilisation
population
effort quality
pain or symptoms
scoring method
Record whether the final score is:
best trial
average of trials
peak force
left-right difference
percentage of body weight
torque, if calculated
Either best trial or average trial may be used if it is applied consistently.
A higher score may suggest:
greater elbow extension force output
greater ability to generate force against resistance
better side-to-side symmetry if the opposite side is similar
progress from baseline if the protocol is unchanged
A lower score may suggest:
reduced elbow extension force output
pain-limited effort
fatigue
guarding
reduced confidence
poor familiarisation
poor stabilisation
shoulder or wrist compensation
symptoms affecting effort
A lower score does not explain the reason for the difference on its own.
Torque can be calculated when force and lever arm are known.
Simple concept:
Torque = force × lever arm
Example:
force = 220 N
lever arm = 0.30 m
torque = 66 Nm
Torque may be useful because elbow extension is a rotational action around the elbow. However, torque is only meaningful when the lever arm is measured consistently.
Side-to-side comparison can be useful when one side is affected.
Record:
left score
right score
difference in kg, lb, N or Nm
percentage difference
affected side
dominant side if relevant
Symmetry is useful, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Percentage of body weight can express force relative to body mass, although it is often less central for elbow extension than for lower-limb tasks.
If the device displays kilograms:
Force in kg ÷ body mass in kg × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays pounds:
Force in lb ÷ body weight in lb × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays Newtons:
Force in N ÷ body weight in N × 100 = percentage of body weight
Example:
body mass = 80 kg
elbow extension score = 28 kg
28 ÷ 80 × 100 = 35% body weight
Body weight percentage may help with:
comparing clients of different sizes
tracking changes when body mass changes
sport or occupational profiling
internal benchmarking
Limitations:
body weight percentage values are test-specific
they should not be compared across different muscle groups
they should not be compared across different devices or protocols unless closely matched
they are not universal pass/fail thresholds
they should be interpreted with symptoms, function, goals and related findings
The score does not prove:
diagnosis
cause of weakness
triceps tendon injury
nerve injury
elbow pathology
shoulder pathology
tissue healing
readiness to push
readiness to throw
readiness to return to sport
readiness for work duties
effectiveness of one intervention by itself
Published elbow extension strength reference values exist, but they are highly protocol-specific.
A systematic review of isometric elbow strength in healthy adults reported that normative values vary by measurement device, joint position, test position and population. This means values should not be transferred across different protocols without caution. (scispace.com)
A study of isometric elbow strength in normal individuals reported that men were generally stronger than women and that dominant extremities were approximately 6% stronger than non-dominant extremities, but the values came from torque-cell dynamometer testing and should not be applied directly to every Muscle Meter setup. (europepmc.org)
A scoping review of handheld dynamometry reference values in adults found gaps in protocol description, units and psychometric properties across the literature. This supports using matched protocols and local baselines rather than universal pass/fail thresholds. (sciencedirect.com)
For this exact Measurz Muscle Meter elbow extension setup, broad universal norms or body-weight percentage thresholds are not appropriate unless the protocol and population match the reference source.
Use practical comparison guidance:
compare left and right sides
compare with the client’s own baseline
use the same device and unit
calculate torque only if lever arm is measured
calculate % body weight if useful for profiling
compare only with matched protocols where available
interpret with pain, shoulder function and task demands
avoid universal pass/fail thresholds
At the time of writing, high-quality peer-reviewed normative or body-weight percentage reference values for this exact Muscle Meter elbow extension test, device, position and population appear limited. Interpretation should rely more heavily on baseline comparison, side-to-side comparison, repeated testing, internal benchmarks, client goals, symptoms, confidence, movement quality and related assessment findings.
In youth clients, elbow extension testing may be useful for:
baseline strength profiling
monitoring growth-related changes
comparing sides after injury
tracking progress over time
supporting sport or training monitoring
A higher score may suggest greater force output in the tested position. A lower score may suggest reduced force output, but it may also reflect coordination, attention, test unfamiliarity, confidence or body size.
In youth clients, changes in force output may reflect:
growth
maturation
improved coordination
familiarisation
strength adaptation
confidence
body size changes
Adult reference values should not be applied unless evidence clearly supports the comparison.
For general fitness clients, elbow extension Muscle Meter testing is often most useful for:
baseline comparison
progress tracking
side-to-side comparison
education
monitoring response to training
A higher score may suggest greater elbow extension force output. A lower score may suggest reduced force capacity, but it should be interpreted with activity level, symptoms, shoulder and elbow mobility, pushing confidence and test familiarity.
Repeated testing is usually more useful than one isolated value.
In older adults, elbow extension strength may be relevant to:
pushing
transfers
getting up from a chair
using handrails
household tasks
upper-limb support tasks
falls recovery strategies
Older adults may need:
slower ramp-up
more familiarisation
longer rest
cautious effort cues
careful symptom monitoring
Older-adult handheld dynamometry norms exist for upper and lower limb strength, but they depend on device, method and population. A classic normative study in adults and older adults highlighted that strength values differ by sex, age and body size, and should be interpreted in context.
For athletes, elbow extension strength may be relevant to:
pressing strength
throwing
punching
swimming
gymnastics
push-ups and dips
contact sport bracing
return-to-training monitoring
A higher force score may suggest greater elbow extension capacity in the tested position, but sport performance also depends on:
rate of force development
impulse
shoulder control
wrist position
trunk position
pressing technique
endurance
workload tolerance
sport skill
For athletes, Measurz force-time metrics may be useful when the protocol is designed well. For example:
Rate of force development may provide context for rapid pushing, bracing or throwing demands.
Impulse may help describe force sustained over a selected time.
Time to peak may show whether force is produced quickly or slowly.
Fatigue index may be useful only in repeated-effort protocols.
These metrics still should not be treated as diagnostic or clearance tools.
In workplace or occupational settings, elbow extension testing may provide context for:
pushing
pressing
bracing
tool use
manual handling
repetitive upper-limb tasks
The score should be interpreted alongside:
job demands
symptoms
shoulder strength
grip
fatigue
task exposure
professional judgement
Do not use one force score to clear a worker for full duties.
For clients returning after elbow, triceps, shoulder, wrist or upper-limb injury, elbow extension testing may help monitor:
side-to-side force recovery
confidence producing force
pain during resisted elbow extension
baseline-to-retest change
relationship with pushing, pressing, throwing, bracing and sport tasks
A side-to-side difference may provide useful monitoring information, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Pain may reduce force output through:
guarding
apprehension
reduced confidence
fatigue
symptom flare
unfamiliarity with loading
A lower force score may reflect reduced force capacity, pain, guarding, apprehension, fatigue or test unfamiliarity. It should not be used to explain the cause of pain on its own.
Always record pain during the test.
A client may produce a high absolute force score but a different value relative to body weight.
Body-weight percentage may help contextualise force for some sport or occupational comparisons, but upper-limb tasks are often better interpreted with:
baseline change
side-to-side comparison
torque where lever arm is known
task-specific demands
symptoms and confidence
grip and shoulder findings
Reliability describes how consistent the test is when repeated.
Validity describes whether the test measures what it is intended to measure.
SEM estimates measurement error around a score.
MDC estimates how much change may be needed to exceed measurement error.
Typical error and coefficient of variation help explain normal variation across repeated testing.
A systematic review of upper-extremity handheld dynamometry found that intra-examiner reliability was acceptable most consistently for elbow measurements in healthy subjects, especially elbow flexion and extension. This supports elbow HHD testing when protocols are standardised, but it does not remove the need to control setup. (pure.amsterdamumc.nl)
A 2020 study of a wearable limb strength measurement device reported ICC values above 0.90 for elbow flexor and extensor reliability in healthy adults, but also found that validity required calibration against a criterion standard. This supports the broader principle that portable strength devices can be reliable while still needing careful validation and protocol control. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
A 2025 study of handheld dynamometry rater positions found reliability and agreement can vary across test positions and force magnitudes, which supports standardising assessor position, stabilisation and device alignment. (ijspt.scholasticahq.com)
For the exact Measurz Muscle Meter elbow extension protocol, high-quality peer-reviewed evidence reporting SEM, MDC, typical error or coefficient of variation appears limited unless the device, position and stabilisation match a published protocol.
Reliability is stronger when you standardise:
device
attachment
shoulder angle
elbow angle
forearm position
wrist position
client position
device placement
stabilisation
force direction
contraction duration
rest period
trial selection method
symptom recording
A change is more meaningful when:
it exceeds known measurement error for a matching protocol
it is repeated across sessions
it aligns with improved function
symptoms are stable or improved
effort quality is consistent
the same device and setup were used
Common errors include:
not recording elbow angle
not recording forearm position
changing shoulder position at retest
allowing wrist extension or grip to dominate
allowing shoulder or trunk compensation
placing the device inconsistently
using assessor-held resistance for very strong clients
mixing kg, lb and N without conversion
not recording pain during the test
treating the score as a diagnosis
using symmetry as the only readiness marker
assuming every Measurz force-time metric is relevant to every test
Limitations include:
handheld resistance can be limited by assessor strength
device placement affects results
elbow angle affects force output
forearm and shoulder position influence the score
pain and apprehension can reduce effort
fatigue can affect later trials
normative values are protocol-specific
body-weight percentage values are not universal
torque requires an accurate lever arm
rate of force development requires high-quality time-series data
fatigue index requires repeated or sustained effort testing
the test measures force in one position, not full pushing performance
The Elbow Extension Strength Test may help with:
baseline elbow extensor strength testing
monitoring elbow extension strength over time
left-right comparison
upper-limb injury progress tracking
triceps and elbow extensor load-capacity context
pushing and bracing task assessment
sport performance support
workplace task assessment
client education
It is most useful when combined with:
elbow flexion strength
grip strength
shoulder strength
wrist strength
elbow range of motion
shoulder range of motion
pushing, pressing or throwing task observation
pain and symptom notes
workload and training history
It measures isometric force output during elbow extension, usually by having the client straighten the elbow against a Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or fixed resistance setup.
When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment may support additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, rate of torque development, time to peak and fatigue index. These metrics are only meaningful when the test setup and data quality support them.
It can provide useful information about elbow extension force, and the triceps brachii is the main contributor. However, shoulder position, wrist position, stabilisation and effort quality can still influence the score.
Many practical protocols use about 90 degrees of elbow flexion, but the exact angle should be recorded and repeated at retest. Different angles should not be compared as if they are the same test.
A lower score may suggest reduced force output in that position, but it does not explain why. Pain, fatigue, guarding, poor familiarisation, symptoms, shoulder position, wrist position or poor setup may all influence the result.
Torque can be calculated when the lever arm is known: force multiplied by lever arm. For example, 220 N × 0.30 m = 66 Nm.
No. It may show reduced force or pain during testing, but it does not diagnose the cause. It should be interpreted with symptoms, history, range of motion, palpation findings where relevant, related tests and professional judgement.
No. It can support strength monitoring, but return-to-sport or work reasoning should also consider pain, range of motion, grip, shoulder strength, pushing or throwing tasks, workload, fatigue, confidence and professional judgement.
The Elbow Extension Strength Test measures isometric elbow extension force.
The common Muscle Meter version is a push or make test.
The Muscle Meter alone primarily measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, time to peak and fatigue index may be recorded or analysed when relevant.
Peak force is usually the most useful primary metric for this test.
Torque may be useful if the elbow lever arm is measured.
Record the exact device, attachment, shoulder angle, elbow angle, forearm position, wrist position and units.
Reliability depends on consistent setup, stabilisation, device placement and instructions.
The result should be interpreted with pain, symptoms, confidence, movement quality, baseline comparison and client goals.
Aerts, F., Sheets, H., Anderson, C., Bussie, N., Hoskins, R., Maninga, A., & Novak, E. (2025). Reliability and agreement of hand-held dynamometry using three standard rater test positions. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 20(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.128286
Bohannon, R. W. (1997). Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 78(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90005-8
Brookshaw, M., Sexton, A., & McGibbon, C. A. (2020). Reliability and validity of a novel wearable device for measuring elbow strength. Sensors, 20(12), 3412. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123412
de Boer, Y. A., van den Akker-Scheek, I., Huizinga, M. R., Reininga, I. H. F., Brouwer, R. W., & Stevens, M. (2022). What is known about muscle strength reference values for adults measured by hand-held dynamometry: A scoping review. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation, 4(1), 100172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100172
Koenraadt, K. L. M., The, B., & Eygendaal, D. (2016). Normative values of isometric elbow strength in healthy adults: A systematic review. Shoulder & Elbow, 8(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573216628741
Schrama, P. P. M., Stenneberg, M. S., Lucas, C., & van Trijffel, E. (2014). Intraexaminer reliability of hand-held dynamometry in the upper extremity: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(12), 2444–2469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.019
Veldema, J., et al. (2018). Comparison of isometric triceps brachii force measurement in different elbow positions. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2309499018783907
