The Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test measures plantarflexion force in a standing, weight-bearing position. The client pushes through the forefoot into a Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer, force plate, foot plate or fixed setup while maintaining a controlled standing position. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force. When used with Measurz, additional force-time metrics may be recorded or analysed depending on the setup, protocol and data quality. The result should be interpreted alongside symptoms, ankle range of motion, calf endurance, Achilles/calf tolerance, balance, gait, hopping, running demands, baseline comparison and repeated testing.
Standing calf strength is important for walking, running, jumping, landing, stair use, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction.
Unlike the seated calf raise, the standing calf raise is performed with the knee more extended. This generally increases the contribution of the gastrocnemius while still involving the soleus and other plantarflexors.
The main contributors include:
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
fibularis longus and brevis
intrinsic foot stabilisers
A Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer can help quantify standing plantarflexion force rather than relying only on visual observation, manual resistance or repetition count.
The standing heel-rise test is commonly used to assess plantarflexor strength and endurance, but published reviews note that procedures vary and normative values are limited. That matters because a standing isometric Muscle Meter test should not be interpreted as interchangeable with every heel-rise or calf endurance test.
The test does not diagnose Achilles tendinopathy, calf strain, nerve involvement, plantarflexor weakness cause or return-to-sport readiness on its own. It is a strength measurement that should be interpreted with the broader assessment.
The Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test measures how much force the client can produce when pressing through the forefoot in a standing calf raise position against a fixed or resisted device.
In a Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer setup, the client usually performs a make test:
the device stays still
the client gradually builds force
the client pushes into the device as hard as safely possible
the peak or average force is recorded
For this article, the default version is a standing isometric push test. The client pushes through the forefoot into a Muscle Meter, force plate, foot plate or fixed setup while maintaining a controlled standing position.
A fixed or strap-stabilised setup is strongly preferred when possible because standing plantarflexion can generate high force and balance demands. Portable and fixed dynamometry research suggests ankle plantarflexion strength can be measured reliably when the testing setup is controlled, but protocol standardisation and device position matter.
The Muscle Meter is a handheld dynamometry tool used to measure force output during push, pull and isometric strength assessments. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment can be recorded, analysed and interpreted with a broader set of strength and force-time metrics. Depending on the test setup, protocol and available data, Measurz and the Muscle Meter can be used to assess and record:
Peak force
Impulse
Torque
Rate of torque development
Rate of force development
Time to peak
Fatigue index
These metrics help professionals move beyond a single strength number and better understand how force is produced, how quickly it is produced, how long it is sustained, and how performance changes across repeated efforts.
For the Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test, the most useful routine metric is usually peak force. Other metrics may be useful in specific situations:
Torque may be useful if the lever arm from the ankle joint to the point of force application is measured.
Rate of force development may be useful when rapid calf force production matters, such as sprinting, jumping, landing or change of direction.
Time to peak may provide context when a client produces force slowly.
Impulse may be useful if sustained force over a selected time window is relevant.
Fatigue index may be useful only if repeated or sustained standing calf efforts are part of the protocol.
Not every test needs every metric. The most appropriate metric depends on the test goal, body region, setup, client population, device placement, protocol quality and the professional question being asked.
The Muscle Meter and Measurz should be used for measurement, assessment reasoning, comparison, education and progress tracking. They should not be positioned as diagnosing a condition, confirming readiness, clearing participation or explaining symptoms on their own.
Standing calf raise strength testing may be useful because plantarflexor force capacity contributes to bodyweight movement, sport performance and lower-limb load tolerance.
The test can help professionals:
establish a baseline plantarflexion strength score
compare left and right standing calf force
monitor progress after training or rehabilitation
track changes after calf, Achilles, ankle or foot symptoms
identify whether effort is limited by pain, fatigue, balance or confidence
support client education with objective data
compare strength with calf raise endurance, hopping, gait or running tasks
record consistent strength information in Measurz
The standing position may be especially useful when the professional wants a more functional, weight-bearing plantarflexion measure than a seated test.
The test should support assessment reasoning. It should not be used as a stand-alone diagnostic or clearance measure.
When used independently, the Muscle Meter measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, Muscle Meter testing can support deeper analysis of force and strength performance, including:
Peak force: The highest force produced during the test.
Impulse: The total force applied across a selected time period.
Torque: The rotational force produced around the ankle when force and lever arm are considered.
Rate of torque development: How quickly torque is produced.
Rate of force development: How quickly force is produced.
Time to peak: How long it takes to reach the highest force or torque value.
Fatigue index: How much performance declines across repeated or sustained efforts.
For standing calf raise testing, peak force is usually the primary score. Torque may be more meaningful than raw force when the lever arm is measured because plantarflexion is a rotational action around the ankle. Rate of force development and time to peak may be relevant in sport or rapid-force contexts, but they should not be treated as automatically meaningful for every client.
The test may provide insight into:
standing plantarflexion force capacity
weight-bearing calf strength
side-to-side force differences
confidence producing calf force
pain response during resisted plantarflexion
balance and position control during effort
change in force over time
relationship between strength and function
It does not directly measure:
Achilles tendon structure
calf tissue integrity
calf endurance
calf power
ankle range of motion
jumping ability
running capacity
tissue healing
readiness to return to running, sport or work
Explain the test clearly.
Example wording:
“We are going to measure how much force you can produce when pressing through the ball of your foot in a standing calf raise position. This is a strength test, not a diagnosis. Tell me if you feel pain, cramping, numbness, balance loss or anything unusual.”
Use:
Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer, force plate or fixed dynamometry device
foot plate, flat pad, strap pad or suitable forefoot attachment
optional frame, wall, rail or stable hand support
optional strap or fixed setup for consistent force capture
pain rating scale
Measurz workflow if recording results digitally
Default method:
Push test / make test
The client presses through the forefoot into the stationary device or foot plate.
The device stays fixed while the client builds force.
Preferred for stronger clients:
Fixed or strap-stabilised test
The device or foot plate resists plantarflexion force.
This reduces the influence of assessor strength.
Push and pull values should be recorded separately. Do not compare them unless the protocol supports that comparison.
Common standing position:
standing upright
tested foot placed on the device, foot plate or force plate
knee straight or near-straight unless using a modified protocol
ankle angle recorded
forefoot positioned consistently
hands lightly supported if needed
non-tested limb positioned consistently
Options include:
double-leg standing isometric calf raise
single-leg standing isometric calf raise
standing test with hand support
standing test without hand support
partial heel-rise position
neutral standing position pressing into the device
Record the exact version used.
The professional should position themselves to:
check foot placement
monitor knee, hip and trunk position
ensure the device does not slip
observe balance and safety
read the device safely
stop quickly if symptoms occur
Record:
knee angle
ankle angle
hip and trunk position
whether the heel is raised, flat or supported
whether the client is in neutral, partial heel raise or end-range heel raise
whether the test is single-leg or double-leg
Joint angle matters. Isometric plantarflexion research has shown that reliability can depend on ankle angle, which means retesting should use the same ankle position whenever possible.
Place the device or force plate under the forefoot, commonly near:
metatarsal heads
ball of the foot
distal plantar forefoot
fixed foot plate under the forefoot
Avoid placing the device too far under the toes if the goal is calf force rather than toe flexor force.
Record the landmark used.
Stabilise the setup by controlling:
foot placement
hand support
knee position
pelvis and trunk position
device or plate position
stance width
non-tested limb position
Avoid:
pushing mostly through the toes
bending the knee unless intended
leaning the trunk forward
using heavy arm assistance
shifting bodyweight away from the tested side
bouncing instead of holding force
allowing the device to move
losing balance during the effort
The client attempts to plantarflex the ankle:
“press through the ball of your foot”
force is directed downward into the device or foot plate
the device resists the movement
the position should remain close to isometric, with minimal visible movement
Use consistent instructions:
“Build up gradually.”
“Press down through the ball of your foot.”
“Push as hard as you safely can.”
“Hold the effort.”
“Keep breathing.”
“Keep your knee and body position steady.”
“Do not bounce.”
“Tell me if you feel pain, cramping or symptoms.”
Use:
1–2 submaximal practice trials
1 familiarisation maximal effort if needed
consistent cueing
enough rest before recorded trials
Familiarisation is important because clients may otherwise shift weight, bend the knee, push through the toes or use arm support inconsistently.
A practical protocol:
2–4 recorded trials per side
3–5 second contraction
45–90 seconds rest between trials
same side tested first each time
record best trial or average of trials
Use the same method at retest.
Use enough rest to reduce fatigue:
45 seconds minimum for low-irritability testing
60–90 seconds for stronger clients or high-force testing
longer rest if pain, cramping, balance or fatigue affects effort
Repeat or mark a trial invalid if:
foot slips
device moves
knee angle changes
client pushes mainly through the toes
trunk leans heavily
hands provide excessive assistance
balance is lost
pain limits effort unexpectedly
the client does not understand the task
compensations make the result unreliable
Stop testing if the client reports:
sharp Achilles, calf, foot or ankle pain
cramping that does not settle
worsening neurological symptoms
dizziness or distress
numbness or unusual symptoms
loss of balance
inability to produce safe effort
For clients with acute calf injury, high-irritability Achilles symptoms, recent surgery, suspected rupture, significant swelling or poor balance, use a lower-intensity test, modify support or defer maximal testing.
Retest using the same:
device
attachment
standing position
single-leg or double-leg setup
knee angle
ankle angle
foot placement
hand support
side order
number of trials
contraction duration
rest period
scoring method
unit of measurement
A push test usually means the client pushes into the Muscle Meter or force plate.
For standing calf raise testing:
the device or plate is under the forefoot
the client presses down through the ball of the foot
the device stays still
the score usually reflects peak force
Benefits:
practical
easy to understand
useful for baseline testing
more weight-bearing than seated testing
closer to standing calf raise demands
Limitations:
balance can affect effort
hand support changes results
device placement affects results
toe gripping can influence force
ankle, knee and trunk angles must be consistent
A pull test may use a strap, cable or fixed attachment where the client pushes or pulls against a fixed resistance.
Benefits:
may improve repeatability when fixed well
may reduce assessor strength influence
useful for stronger clients or repeated monitoring
Limitations:
requires more setup
strap placement must be consistent
values may differ from push testing
should be recorded separately
A fixed setup is usually preferred for standing calf raise testing because plantarflexion force can be high and balance can influence the score.
This is helpful when:
clients are strong
repeated testing matters
small changes are being tracked
multiple staff need to test consistently
torque or force-time metrics are being used
standing balance support needs to be standardised
Push, pull and strap-stabilised scores should not be mixed unless the protocol and evidence support comparison.
Record the exact unit displayed by the device:
kilograms, kg
pounds, lb
Newtons, N
kilograms-force, kgf
pounds-force, lbf
Newton metres, Nm, if torque is calculated
percentage of body weight, %BW
In strict physics terms, force is measured in Newtons, while kilograms are a unit of mass. In applied dynamometry, some devices display force-equivalent values in kilograms. For practical recording, use the unit displayed by the device and keep the same unit across retesting.
If using the Muscle Meter alone, the primary score is usually peak force.
If using the Muscle Meter with Measurz, additional metrics may be available, including:
impulse
torque
rate of torque development
rate of force development
time to peak
fatigue index
For the Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test, peak force is usually the most practical primary metric. Torque is often valuable if the lever arm is measured. Rate of force development and time to peak may be useful in sport, running or explosive tasks. Fatigue index is only relevant when repeated or sustained efforts are part of the protocol.
Do not present force-time metrics as diagnostic or clearance tools.
There is no fixed universal score range. Scores depend on:
device
units
body size
knee angle
ankle angle
foot placement
hand support
single-leg or double-leg setup
stabilisation
population
effort quality
pain or symptoms
scoring method
Record whether the final score is:
best trial
average of trials
peak force
left-right difference
percentage of body weight
torque, if calculated
Either best trial or average trial may be used if it is applied consistently.
A higher score may suggest:
greater standing plantarflexion force output
greater weight-bearing calf force capacity
improved ability to generate force against resistance
better side-to-side symmetry if the opposite side is similar
progress from baseline if the protocol is unchanged
A lower score may suggest:
reduced standing plantarflexion force output
pain-limited effort
calf or Achilles sensitivity
balance limitation
fatigue
cramping
guarding
reduced confidence
poor familiarisation
poor stabilisation
symptoms affecting effort
A lower score does not explain the reason for the difference on its own.
Torque can be calculated when force and lever arm are known.
Simple concept:
Torque = force × lever arm
Example:
force = 700 N
lever arm = 0.20 m
torque = 140 Nm
Torque may be useful because plantarflexion is a rotational action around the ankle. However, torque is only meaningful when the lever arm is measured consistently.
Side-to-side comparison can be useful when one side is affected.
Record:
left score
right score
difference in kg, lb, N or Nm
percentage difference
affected side
dominant side if relevant
Symmetry is useful, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Percentage of body weight expresses force relative to body mass.
If the device displays kilograms:
Force in kg ÷ body mass in kg × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays pounds:
Force in lb ÷ body weight in lb × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays Newtons:
Force in N ÷ body weight in N × 100 = percentage of body weight
Example:
body mass = 80 kg
standing calf raise score = 160 kg
160 ÷ 80 × 100 = 200% body weight
A value of 100% body weight means the client produced force equal to their body weight. A value of 200% body weight means the client produced force equal to twice their body weight.
Body weight percentage may help with:
comparing clients of different body sizes
interpreting force relative to the body the client needs to move
tracking changes if body mass changes
comparing to matched reference data
sport or running load-capacity discussions
Limitations:
body weight percentage values are test-specific
they should not be compared across different muscle groups
they should not be compared across different devices or protocols unless closely matched
they are not universal pass/fail thresholds
they should be interpreted with symptoms, function, goals and related findings
The score does not prove:
diagnosis
cause of weakness
Achilles tendon pathology
calf strain severity
nerve injury
tissue healing
readiness to run
readiness for sport
readiness for work duties
effectiveness of one intervention by itself
Published standing heel-rise norms exist, but most relate to repetitions, work or endurance rather than isometric Muscle Meter peak force.
The standing heel-rise test has published reliability and normative values in healthy adults, and factors such as sex, age, body mass index and activity level can influence results. However, this evidence is not directly interchangeable with a standing isometric Muscle Meter force test.
A scoping review and meta-analysis reported that heel-rise test procedures vary considerably and normative values are limited. This supports using caution when comparing calf test results across protocols.
For isometric plantarflexion, research shows that measurement reliability can depend on ankle angle, device setup and testing method. This means values should only be compared with reference data that closely match the exact test position and equipment.
For this exact Measurz Muscle Meter standing calf raise setup, broad universal norms or body-weight percentage thresholds are not appropriate unless the protocol and population match the reference source.
Use practical comparison guidance:
compare left and right sides
compare with the client’s own baseline
use the same device and unit
calculate % body weight if useful
calculate torque only if lever arm is measured
compare only with matched protocols where available
interpret with pain, calf capacity, gait, hopping and activity demands
avoid universal pass/fail thresholds
At the time of writing, high-quality peer-reviewed normative or body-weight percentage reference values for this exact Muscle Meter standing calf raise test, device, position and population appear limited. Interpretation should rely more heavily on baseline comparison, side-to-side comparison, repeated testing, internal benchmarks, client goals, symptoms, confidence, movement quality and related assessment findings.
In youth clients, standing calf raise testing may be useful for:
baseline strength profiling
monitoring growth-related changes
comparing sides after injury
tracking progress over time
supporting running or jumping load monitoring
A higher score may suggest greater force output in the tested position. A lower score may suggest reduced force output, but it may also reflect coordination, attention, test unfamiliarity, balance or confidence.
In youth clients, changes in force output may reflect:
growth
maturation
improved coordination
familiarisation
strength adaptation
confidence
body size changes
Adult or athlete reference values should not be applied unless evidence clearly supports the comparison.
For general fitness clients, standing calf raise Muscle Meter testing is often most useful for:
baseline comparison
progress tracking
side-to-side comparison
education
monitoring response to training
A higher score may suggest greater standing plantarflexion force output. A lower score may suggest reduced force capacity, but it should be interpreted with activity level, symptoms, ankle mobility, balance and test familiarity.
Repeated testing is usually more useful than one isolated value.
In older adults, standing calf strength may be relevant to:
walking
stairs
standing balance
step tasks
uneven-ground confidence
daily movement
Older adults may need:
slower ramp-up
more familiarisation
longer rest
hand support
careful symptom monitoring
In older adults, calf testing can provide useful context about force capacity, but it should be interpreted alongside balance, gait, falls risk factors, confidence, symptoms and daily function. One standing calf force score should not be treated as a single predictor of independence or falls risk.
For athletes, standing calf raise strength may be relevant to:
running
acceleration
deceleration
jumping
landing
change of direction
Achilles/calf load capacity monitoring
return-to-training monitoring
A higher force score may suggest greater weight-bearing plantarflexion capacity in the tested position, but sport performance also depends on:
rate of force development
impulse
stiffness
power
reactive strength
tendon capacity
calf endurance
running mechanics
workload tolerance
sport skill
For athletes, Measurz force-time metrics may be useful when the protocol is designed well. For example:
Rate of force development may provide context for explosive sport demands.
Impulse may help describe force sustained over a selected time.
Time to peak may show whether force is produced quickly or slowly.
Fatigue index may be useful only in repeated-effort protocols.
These metrics still should not be treated as diagnostic or clearance tools.
In workplace or occupational settings, standing calf raise testing may provide context for:
walking
stairs
ladders
prolonged standing
carrying tasks
repeated stepping
uneven surfaces
The score should be interpreted alongside:
job demands
symptoms
footwear
fatigue
balance
gait
task exposure
professional judgement
Do not use one force score to clear a worker for full duties.
For clients returning after calf, Achilles, ankle, foot, knee or lower-limb injury, standing calf raise testing may help monitor:
side-to-side force recovery
confidence producing force
pain during resisted plantarflexion
baseline-to-retest change
relationship with heel-rise endurance, hop, gait and running tasks
A side-to-side difference may provide useful monitoring information, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Pain may reduce force output through:
guarding
apprehension
reduced confidence
fatigue
cramping
symptom flare
unfamiliarity with loading
Balance, fear of loading and hand support can also influence the score.
A lower force score may reflect reduced force capacity, pain, guarding, apprehension, fatigue, balance limitation or test unfamiliarity. It should not be used to explain the cause of pain on its own.
Always record pain during the test.
A client may produce a high absolute force score but a lower value relative to body weight.
This may be relevant for bodyweight tasks such as:
walking
running
stair climbing
stepping
jumping
changing direction
Body-weight percentage can help contextualise force relative to the body being moved, but it should be interpreted with function, symptoms and goals.
Reliability describes how consistent the test is when repeated.
Validity describes whether the test measures what it is intended to measure.
SEM estimates measurement error around a score.
MDC estimates how much change may be needed to exceed measurement error.
Typical error and coefficient of variation help explain normal variation across repeated testing.
Standing heel-rise testing has published reliability evidence, but it often assesses repetitions, endurance or total work rather than isolated isometric peak force. A 2017 study revisited standing heel-rise reliability and normative equations in healthy adults, while a 2022 review noted that heel-rise procedures vary and normative values are limited.
For isometric plantarflexion force, fixed or instrumented setups are generally preferable where available. A portable articulated dynamometer study reported high reliability for ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion measurement, while handheld dynamometer research highlights the importance of belt or fixed stabilisation when assessing high-force plantarflexion.
A 2025 systematic review on lower-extremity handheld dynamometer reliability and validity reported that muscle group, evaluator proficiency and protocol standardisation can influence measurements. This is especially relevant for standing calf testing, where balance, foot placement and assessor control can all affect the result.
For the exact Measurz Muscle Meter standing calf raise protocol, high-quality peer-reviewed evidence reporting SEM, MDC, typical error or coefficient of variation appears limited unless the device, position and stabilisation match a published protocol.
Reliability is stronger when you standardise:
device
attachment
single-leg or double-leg setup
knee angle
ankle angle
client position
foot placement
hand support
force direction
contraction duration
rest period
trial selection method
symptom recording
A change is more meaningful when:
it exceeds known measurement error for a matching protocol
it is repeated across sessions
it aligns with improved function
symptoms are stable or improved
effort quality is consistent
the same device and setup were used
Common errors include:
not recording whether the test is single-leg or double-leg
not recording hand support
not recording knee angle
not recording ankle angle
changing foot placement at retest
placing the device under the toes instead of the forefoot
allowing knee bend if not intended
allowing trunk lean or heavy arm assistance
allowing foot slide or device movement
mixing kg, lb and N without conversion
not recording pain during the test
treating the score as a diagnosis
using symmetry as the only readiness marker
assuming every Measurz force-time metric is relevant to every test
Limitations include:
balance can affect force output
handheld resistance can be difficult for high-force plantarflexion
device placement affects results
knee and ankle angles affect force output
pain and apprehension can reduce effort
cramping can affect later trials
normative values are protocol-specific
body-weight percentage values are not universal
torque requires an accurate lever arm
rate of force development requires high-quality time-series data
fatigue index requires repeated or sustained effort testing
the test measures force in one position, not full calf performance
The Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test may help with:
baseline calf strength testing
monitoring weight-bearing plantarflexion strength
left-right comparison
calf and Achilles load-capacity tracking
ankle and foot injury progress tracking
running and jumping preparation context
sport performance support
workplace task assessment
client education
It is most useful when combined with:
seated calf raise testing
heel-rise endurance testing
ankle dorsiflexion range of motion
ankle plantarflexion range of motion
hop or jump testing where appropriate
gait and running observation
pain and symptom notes
footwear and workload history
It measures isometric plantarflexion force in a standing weight-bearing position, usually by having the client press through the forefoot into a Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or fixed force setup.
When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment may support additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, rate of torque development, time to peak and fatigue index. These metrics are only meaningful when the test setup and data quality support them.
No. A heel-rise endurance test usually counts repetitions, height or work over repeated calf raises. The isometric standing calf raise test measures force in a held position.
The common Muscle Meter version is a push or make test. The client presses the forefoot downward into a stationary device. Fixed or strap-stabilised setups are often preferred for stronger clients.
A lower score may suggest reduced force output in that position, but it does not explain why. Pain, fatigue, cramping, balance, guarding, poor familiarisation, symptoms or poor setup may all influence the result.
If the device displays kilograms, divide force in kg by body mass in kg and multiply by 100. For example, 160 kg ÷ 80 kg × 100 = 200% body weight.
No. It may show reduced force or pain during testing, but it does not diagnose the cause. It should be interpreted with symptoms, history, ankle range of motion, calf endurance, gait, loading history and related findings.
No. It can support strength monitoring, but return-to-running or sport reasoning should also consider symptoms, calf endurance, hopping, jumping, running exposure, workload, fatigue, confidence and professional judgement.
The Isometric Standing Calf Raise Test measures weight-bearing plantarflexion force.
It is different from a heel-rise endurance test.
The Muscle Meter alone primarily measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, time to peak and fatigue index may be recorded or analysed when relevant.
Peak force is usually the most useful primary metric for this test.
Torque may be useful if the ankle lever arm is measured.
Record the exact device, attachment, stance setup, knee angle, ankle angle, foot placement, hand support and units.
Body-weight percentage can help compare force relative to body size but is not a universal pass/fail value.
Reliability depends on consistent setup, stabilisation, device placement and instructions.
The result should be interpreted with pain, symptoms, confidence, movement quality, baseline comparison and client goals.
Bohannon, R. W. (2022). The heel-raise test for ankle plantarflexor strength: A scoping review and meta-analysis of studies providing norms. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 34(7), 528–531. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.34.528
Hébert-Losier, K., et al. (2017). Updated reliability and normative values for the standing heel-rise test in healthy adults. Physiotherapy, 103(4), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2017.03.002
Kai, Y., Murata, S., Soma, M., Tamori, Y., Fujita, M., Nakai, K., Ishikawa, H., & Madoba, K. (2013). Evaluation of the reliability and validity of the ankle plantar flexion force measurement. Health, 3(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.9759/hppt.3.25
Moraux, A., Canal, A., Ollivier, G., Ledoux, I., Doppler, V., Payan, C., & Hogrel, J.-Y. (2013). Ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexion torques measured by dynamometry in healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14, 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-104
Nishikawa, K., et al. (2025). Examination of reliability and validity in measuring isometric ankle plantar flexion strength using a handheld dynamometer with a belt and metal plate. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 37(1), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.37.57
Pradon, D., et al. (2024). Reliability of isokinetic dynamometer for isometric assessment of ankle plantar flexors depends on ankle angle. Physical Therapy in Sport. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.04.011
Sato, K., et al. (2023). A portable articulated dynamometer for ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion strength measurement. Scientific Reports, 13, 22912. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49263-2
