The Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test measures isometric force output during ankle dorsiflexion. The client pushes the top of the foot upward into a Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or fixed dynamometry setup while the professional controls position and records force. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force. When used with Measurz, additional force-time metrics may be recorded or analysed depending on the setup and data quality. The result should be interpreted alongside symptoms, ankle range of motion, gait, balance, function, sport or work demands, baseline comparison and repeated testing.
Ankle dorsiflexion strength helps support walking, running, foot clearance, deceleration, landing control, stair use and lower-limb function.
The main muscle contributors during resisted ankle dorsiflexion include:
tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius, where present
A Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer can help quantify dorsiflexion force rather than relying only on manual muscle testing grades. This makes baseline testing, side-to-side comparison and progress tracking more objective.
This article follows the updated Measurz Muscle Meter and handheld dynamometer article optimiser prompt, including the requirement to explain what the Muscle Meter measures directly and what can be recorded or interpreted when the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz.
The test does not diagnose nerve injury, foot drop, ankle injury, tendon injury or return-to-sport readiness on its own. It is a strength measurement that should be interpreted with the broader assessment.
The Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test measures how much force a client can produce when lifting the foot upward toward the shin against a fixed or resisted device.
In a Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer setup, the client usually performs a make test:
the device stays still
the client gradually builds force
the client pushes into the device as hard as safely possible
the peak or average force is recorded
For this article, the default version is a push test. The client pushes the top of the foot upward into the Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer.
A strap-stabilised or fixed setup may also be used. This can reduce the influence of assessor strength, especially when testing stronger clients or when several staff members need to repeat the same protocol.
Handheld dynamometry has been used for foot and ankle strength assessment in young and older adults, with research supporting reliability when the protocol is standardised. Age-related differences are also important, with one foot and ankle HHD study reporting that ageing was associated with a 24–37% reduction in strength for muscles responsible for foot and ankle movement.
The Muscle Meter is a handheld dynamometry tool used to measure force output during push, pull and isometric strength assessments. When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment can be recorded, analysed and interpreted with a broader set of strength and force-time metrics. Depending on the test setup, protocol and available data, Measurz and the Muscle Meter can be used to assess and record:
Peak force
Impulse
Torque
Rate of torque development
Rate of force development
Time to peak
Fatigue index
These metrics help professionals move beyond a single strength number and better understand how force is produced, how quickly it is produced, how long it is sustained, and how performance changes across repeated efforts.
For the Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test, the most useful routine metric is usually peak force. Other metrics may be useful in specific situations:
Torque may be useful if the lever arm from the ankle joint to the device placement is measured.
Rate of force development may be useful when early force production matters, such as rapid foot clearance or sport-specific control.
Time to peak may provide context when a client produces force slowly.
Impulse may be useful if sustained force over a selected time window is relevant.
Fatigue index may be useful only if repeated or sustained dorsiflexion efforts are part of the protocol.
Not every test needs every metric. The most appropriate metric depends on the test goal, body region, setup, client population, device placement, protocol quality and the professional question being asked.
The Muscle Meter and Measurz should be used for measurement, assessment reasoning, comparison, education and progress tracking. They should not be positioned as diagnosing a condition, confirming readiness, clearing participation or explaining symptoms on their own.
Ankle dorsiflexion strength testing may be useful because reduced dorsiflexion force can affect foot clearance, walking confidence, running mechanics, stair use and lower-limb control.
The test can help professionals:
establish a baseline strength score
compare left and right ankle dorsiflexion force
monitor progress after training or rehabilitation
track changes after pain, injury or reduced activity
identify whether effort is limited by pain, fatigue or confidence
support client education with objective data
compare strength with gait, balance or functional tasks
record consistent strength information in Measurz
The test should support assessment reasoning. It should not be used as a stand-alone diagnostic or clearance measure.
When used independently, the Muscle Meter measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, Muscle Meter testing can support deeper analysis of force and strength performance, including:
Peak force: The highest force produced during the test.
Impulse: The total force applied across a selected time period.
Torque: The rotational force produced around the ankle when force and lever arm are considered.
Rate of torque development: How quickly torque is produced.
Rate of force development: How quickly force is produced.
Time to peak: How long it takes to reach the highest force or torque value.
Fatigue index: How much performance declines across repeated or sustained efforts.
For ankle dorsiflexion, peak force is usually the primary score. Torque may be relevant if the lever arm is measured. Rate of force development and time to peak may be relevant for sport or gait-related questions, but they should not be treated as automatically meaningful for every client.
The test may provide insight into:
ankle dorsiflexor force capacity
side-to-side force differences
confidence producing force
pain response during resisted dorsiflexion
change in force over time
relationship between strength and function
It does not directly measure:
ankle dorsiflexion range of motion
nerve conduction
cause of foot drop
tendon integrity
joint mobility
gait quality
balance
endurance
power
readiness to return to running, sport or work
Explain the test clearly.
Example wording:
“We are going to measure how much force you can produce when lifting your foot upward into the Muscle Meter. This is a strength test, not a diagnosis. Tell me if you feel pain, cramping, numbness or anything unusual.”
Use:
Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or fixed dynamometry device
flat pad, strap pad or suitable attachment for the dorsal foot
optional strap or fixed frame for stabilisation
chair, plinth or bench
pain rating scale
Measurz recording workflow
Default method:
Push test / make test
The client pushes the top of the foot upward into the stationary device.
The professional holds or fixes the device in place.
Alternative method:
Strap-stabilised fixed test
The device or strap resists the dorsiflexion force.
This can reduce the influence of assessor strength.
Push and pull values should be recorded separately. Do not compare them unless the protocol supports that comparison.
Common seated position:
seated on a chair or plinth
hip flexed around 90 degrees
knee flexed around 90 degrees
foot off the ground or lightly supported, depending on setup
ankle near neutral
trunk upright
hands resting comfortably
Alternative long-sitting position:
client long-sitting
knee extended or slightly flexed depending on protocol
ankle near neutral
lower leg supported
Record the exact position used.
The professional should position themselves to:
stabilise the lower leg
keep the device aligned with the force direction
prevent device slipping
avoid being overpowered by the client
observe compensations
read the device safely
Record:
knee position: flexed or extended
ankle position: neutral, plantarflexed or dorsiflexed
foot position: neutral, inverted or everted if relevant
For routine testing, ankle neutral is often practical. The chosen position should be repeated at retest.
Place the device over the dorsal aspect of the foot.
Common landmarks include:
dorsal forefoot
over the metatarsal heads
dorsal midfoot
strap across the forefoot, depending on attachment
Avoid placing the device too close to the toes unless toe extension compensation is specifically controlled.
Record the landmark used.
Stabilise:
distal tibia or lower leg
knee position
thigh if needed
device position
foot alignment
Avoid:
hip lifting
knee extension compensation
toe extension dominance
ankle inversion or eversion drift
trunk leaning
device movement
HHD measurements can be influenced by device misplacement and unwanted foot movement, so stabilisation and consistent landmarks matter.
The client attempts to dorsiflex the ankle:
“lift the top of your foot up toward your shin”
force is directed upward into the device
the device resists the movement
the ankle should remain isometric, with minimal visible movement
Use consistent instructions:
“Build up gradually.”
“Push up into the device as hard as you safely can.”
“Hold the effort.”
“Keep breathing.”
“Do not lift only your toes.”
“Tell me if you feel pain or symptoms.”
Use:
1–2 submaximal practice trials
1 familiarisation maximal effort if needed
consistent cueing
enough rest before recorded trials
Familiarisation is especially important for youth clients, older adults and clients unfamiliar with dynamometry.
A practical protocol:
2–3 recorded trials per side
3–5 second contraction
30–60 seconds rest between trials
test the same side first each time
record best trial or average of trials
Use the same method at retest.
Use enough rest to reduce fatigue:
30 seconds minimum for low-irritability testing
60 seconds or more for stronger clients, older adults or symptomatic clients
longer rest if pain, cramping or fatigue affects effort
Repeat or mark a trial invalid if:
device slips
the client moves the leg
the ankle changes position
toe extension dominates the effort
the client holds breath excessively
pain limits effort unexpectedly
the client does not understand the task
compensations make the result unreliable
the professional cannot hold the device steady
Stop testing if the client reports:
sharp pain
worsening neurological symptoms
cramping that does not settle
dizziness or distress
numbness or unusual symptoms
inability to produce safe effort
For clients with suspected neurological involvement, significant weakness or foot drop, interpret the result carefully and consider whether further assessment or referral is appropriate.
Retest using the same:
device
attachment
position
foot placement
ankle angle
knee angle
stabilisation
side order
number of trials
contraction duration
rest period
scoring method
unit of measurement
A push test usually means the client pushes into the Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer.
For ankle dorsiflexion:
the device is placed on the top of the foot
the client pushes upward
the device stays still
the score usually reflects peak force
Benefits:
easy to set up
practical in gym, clinic or field settings
useful for baseline testing
works well for many clients
Limitations:
assessor strength can influence the result
device movement can reduce reliability
stronger clients may overpower the tester
foot placement must be consistent
A pull test may use a strap, cable, handle or fixed attachment where the client pulls the foot upward against a fixed resistance.
Benefits:
may reduce assessor strength influence
may improve repeatability when fixed well
useful for stronger clients or repeated monitoring
Limitations:
requires more setup
strap placement must be consistent
values may differ from push testing
should be recorded separately
A fixed setup can improve consistency because the device is anchored rather than held by the assessor.
This is often helpful when:
clients are strong
repeated testing matters
the assessor cannot hold the device still
side-to-side precision is important
multiple staff need to test consistently
Push, pull and strap-stabilised scores should not be mixed unless the protocol and evidence support comparison.
Record the exact unit displayed by the device:
kilograms, kg
pounds, lb
Newtons, N
kilograms-force, kgf
pounds-force, lbf
percentage of body weight, %BW
In strict physics terms, force is measured in Newtons, while kilograms are a unit of mass. In applied dynamometry, some devices display force-equivalent values in kilograms. For practical Measurz recording, use the unit displayed by the device and keep the same unit across retesting.
If using the Muscle Meter alone, the primary score is usually peak force.
If using the Muscle Meter with Measurz, additional metrics may be available, including:
impulse
torque
rate of torque development
rate of force development
time to peak
fatigue index
For ankle dorsiflexion, peak force is usually the most practical primary metric. Torque is useful only when the lever arm is recorded. Rate of force development and time to peak may be useful in sport, gait or rapid-control contexts. Fatigue index is only relevant when repeated or sustained efforts are part of the protocol.
Do not present force-time metrics as diagnostic or clearance tools.
There is no fixed universal score range. Scores depend on:
device
units
body size
test position
ankle angle
stabilisation
population
effort quality
pain or symptoms
scoring method
Record whether the final score is:
best trial
average of trials
peak force
left-right difference
percentage of body weight
Either best trial or average trial may be used if it is applied consistently.
A higher score may suggest:
greater dorsiflexion force output in the tested position
improved ability to generate force against resistance
better side-to-side symmetry if the opposite side is similar
progress from baseline if the protocol is unchanged
A lower score may suggest:
reduced dorsiflexion force output in that position
pain-limited effort
fatigue
guarding
reduced confidence
poor familiarisation
poor stabilisation
altered motor control
symptoms affecting effort
A lower score does not explain the reason for the difference on its own.
Side-to-side comparison can be useful when one side is affected.
Record:
left score
right score
difference in kg, lb or N
percentage difference
affected side
dominant side if relevant
Symmetry is useful, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Percentage of body weight expresses force relative to body mass.
If the device displays kilograms:
Force in kg ÷ body mass in kg × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays pounds:
Force in lb ÷ body weight in lb × 100 = percentage of body weight
If the device displays Newtons:
Force in N ÷ body weight in N × 100 = percentage of body weight
Example:
body mass = 80 kg
ankle dorsiflexion score = 24 kg
24 ÷ 80 × 100 = 30% body weight
A value of 100% body weight means the client produced force equal to their body weight. A value of 50% body weight means the client produced force equal to half their body weight.
Body weight percentage may help with:
comparing clients of different body sizes
interpreting force relative to the body the client needs to move
tracking changes if body mass changes
comparing to matched reference data
Limitations:
body weight percentage values are test-specific
they should not be compared across different muscle groups
they should not be compared across different devices or protocols unless closely matched
they are not universal pass/fail thresholds
they should be interpreted with symptoms, function, goals and related findings
The score does not prove:
diagnosis
cause of weakness
nerve injury
tendon injury
ankle pathology
foot drop cause
readiness to run
readiness for sport
readiness for work duties
effectiveness of one intervention by itself
Published ankle dorsiflexion reference values exist, but they are protocol-specific.
A study of ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion torque in 345 healthy people aged 5 to 80 years established normative data and predictive equations. It reported that normal strength values depended on sex and age, and that the method showed good reliability with no evaluator effect and a small learning effect. This evidence is useful, but it used a specific dynamometry setup and reported torque values, so it should not be treated as directly interchangeable with every Muscle Meter push-test setup.
A 2025 systematic review of lower-limb handheld dynamometry reference values reported that reference values vary by protocol, muscle group, position, population and reporting method. This means ankle dorsiflexion values should only be compared with reference data that closely match the testing setup.
A 2023 portable articulated dynamometer study also highlights the ongoing need for reliable, portable ways to measure ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength in practical settings.
For this exact Measurz Muscle Meter ankle dorsiflexion setup, broad universal norms or body-weight percentage thresholds are not appropriate unless the protocol and population match the reference source.
Use practical comparison guidance:
compare left and right sides
compare with the client’s own baseline
use the same device and unit
calculate % body weight if useful
compare only with matched protocols where available
interpret with pain, gait, balance and activity demands
avoid universal pass/fail thresholds
At the time of writing, high-quality peer-reviewed normative or body-weight percentage reference values for this exact Muscle Meter ankle dorsiflexion test, device, position and population appear limited. Interpretation should rely more heavily on baseline comparison, side-to-side comparison, repeated testing, internal benchmarks, client goals, symptoms, confidence, movement quality and related assessment findings.
In youth clients, dorsiflexion strength testing may be useful for:
baseline strength profiling
monitoring growth-related changes
comparing sides after injury
tracking progress over time
A higher score may suggest greater force output in the tested position. A lower score may suggest reduced force output, but it may also reflect coordination, attention, test unfamiliarity or confidence.
In youth clients, changes in force output may reflect:
growth
maturation
improved coordination
familiarisation
strength adaptation
confidence
body size changes
Adult reference values should not be applied unless evidence clearly supports the comparison. Body weight percentage may help compare relative force, but it does not fully account for maturation.
For general fitness clients, Muscle Meter testing is often most useful for:
baseline comparison
progress tracking
side-to-side comparison
education
monitoring response to training
A higher score may suggest greater force output. A lower score may suggest reduced force capacity, but it should be interpreted with activity level, symptoms, range of motion and test familiarity.
Repeated testing is usually more useful than one isolated value.
In older adults, dorsiflexion strength may be relevant to:
walking
foot clearance
stair negotiation
balance confidence
daily movement
Handheld dynamometry research in young and older adults supports the use of HHD for foot and ankle strength assessment and shows age-related differences in strength.
Older adults may need:
slower ramp-up
more familiarisation
longer rest
cautious effort cues
careful symptom monitoring
In older adults, muscle testing can provide useful context about force capacity, but it should be interpreted alongside balance, gait, sit-to-stand performance, confidence, symptoms and daily function.
For athletes, ankle dorsiflexion strength may be relevant to:
foot clearance
sprint mechanics
landing control
change of direction
ankle stiffness and control
return-to-training monitoring
A higher force score may suggest greater capacity in the tested position, but performance also depends on:
rate of force development
impulse
power
coordination
reactive strength
fatigue resistance
sport skill
decision-making
workload tolerance
For athletes, Measurz force-time metrics may be useful when the protocol is designed well. For example, rate of force development and time to peak may provide more context than peak force alone when rapid force production is relevant. These metrics still should not be treated as diagnostic or clearance tools.
In workplace or occupational settings, dorsiflexion testing may provide context for:
walking
stairs
ladders
uneven ground
repeated stepping
carrying tasks that require foot clearance
The score should be interpreted alongside:
job demands
symptoms
footwear
fatigue
balance
gait
task exposure
professional judgement
Do not use one force score to clear a worker for full duties.
For clients returning after ankle, foot, knee or lower-limb injury, dorsiflexion testing may help monitor:
side-to-side force recovery
confidence producing force
pain during resisted dorsiflexion
baseline-to-retest change
relationship with gait and functional tasks
A side-to-side difference may provide useful monitoring information, but symmetry alone does not confirm readiness or explain symptoms.
Pain may reduce force output through:
guarding
apprehension
reduced confidence
fatigue
symptom flare
unfamiliarity with loading
A lower force score may reflect reduced force capacity, pain, guarding, apprehension, fatigue or test unfamiliarity. It should not be used to explain the cause of pain on its own.
Always record pain during the test.
A client may produce a high absolute force score but a lower value relative to body weight.
This may be relevant for bodyweight tasks such as:
walking
running
stair climbing
stepping
jumping
changing direction
Body-weight percentage can help contextualise force relative to the body being moved, but it should be interpreted with function, symptoms and goals.
Reliability describes how consistent the test is when repeated.
Validity describes whether the test measures what it is intended to measure.
SEM estimates measurement error around a score.
MDC estimates how much change may be needed to exceed measurement error.
Typical error and coefficient of variation help explain normal variation across repeated testing.
Handheld dynamometry for foot and ankle strength has shown reliability in young and older adults when protocols are standardised.
A validation study for ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength reported that HHD measurements can be influenced by device misplacement and unwanted foot movement. This supports careful landmarking, stabilisation and consistent device alignment.
A 2025 systematic review of lower-extremity HHD reliability and validity reported that factors such as muscle group, evaluator proficiency and protocol standardisation can influence HHD measurements.
A 2025 study on a lower-extremity isometric dynamometer reported validity compared with a strap-fixed handheld dynamometer for lower-limb tests including ankle dorsiflexion, supporting the value of fixed or well-stabilised testing setups where available.
For the exact Measurz Muscle Meter ankle dorsiflexion protocol, high-quality peer-reviewed evidence reporting SEM, MDC, typical error or coefficient of variation appears limited unless the device, position and stabilisation match a published protocol.
Reliability is stronger when you standardise:
device
attachment
ankle angle
knee angle
client position
device placement
stabilisation
force direction
contraction duration
rest period
trial selection method
symptom recording
A change is more meaningful when:
it exceeds known measurement error for a matching protocol
it is repeated across sessions
it aligns with improved function
symptoms are stable or improved
effort quality is consistent
the same device and setup were used
Common errors include:
not recording the test position
changing the ankle angle at retest
placing the device inconsistently
allowing toe extension to dominate
allowing ankle inversion or eversion drift
not stabilising the lower leg
using different devices across sessions
mixing kg, lb and N without conversion
not recording pain during the test
using best trial at one session and average trial at another
treating the score as a diagnosis
using symmetry as the only readiness marker
assuming every Measurz force-time metric is relevant to every test
Limitations include:
assessor strength can affect handheld push tests
device placement affects results
ankle angle affects force output
pain and apprehension can reduce effort
fatigue can reduce later trials
normative values are protocol-specific
body-weight percentage values are not universal
torque requires an accurate lever arm
rate of force development requires high-quality time-series data
fatigue index requires repeated or sustained effort testing
the test measures force in one position, not full movement performance
The Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test may help with:
baseline ankle strength testing
monitoring dorsiflexion strength over time
left-right comparison
lower-limb return-to-training monitoring
gait and foot clearance context
ankle injury progress tracking
sport performance support
workplace task assessment
client education
It is most useful when combined with:
ankle dorsiflexion range of motion
ankle inversion and eversion strength
plantarflexion strength
calf raise testing
balance testing
gait observation
hop or jump testing where appropriate
pain and symptom notes
workload or training history
Record:
test name: Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test
muscle group or movement: ankle dorsiflexion
test type: push test, pull test, make test, strap-stabilised or handheld
device used: Muscle Meter, handheld dynamometer or other
attachment used: flat pad, strap, foot plate or other
side tested: left or right
dominance if relevant
score/result
primary metric: usually peak force
additional metrics if used:
impulse
torque
rate of torque development
rate of force development
time to peak
fatigue index
units: kg, lb, N, kgf, lbf or %BW
body mass if calculating body-weight percentage
lever arm if calculating torque
trial number
best score or average score
client position: seated, long-sitting or other
knee angle
ankle angle
device placement landmark
stabilisation method
force direction
contraction duration
client instructions
pain score
symptom location
symptoms during testing
compensations:
toe extension
ankle inversion
ankle eversion
knee movement
hip movement
trunk movement
effort quality
confidence
invalid trials
comparison side
baseline comparison
retest date
related findings:
ankle ROM
gait
balance
calf raise
inversion/eversion strength
toe extension/flexion strength
notes on interpretation
referral or further assessment notes if appropriate
Recording these details improves:
repeatability
communication
client education
assessment reasoning
monitoring over time
team consistency
reporting quality
It measures isometric force output during ankle dorsiflexion, usually by having the client push the top of the foot into a Muscle Meter or handheld dynamometer.
When used on its own, the Muscle Meter primarily measures peak force, which is the highest force value produced during the test.
When the Muscle Meter is used with Measurz, the assessment may support additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, rate of torque development, time to peak and fatigue index. These metrics are only meaningful when the test setup and data quality support them.
The common Muscle Meter version is a push or make test. The client pushes upward into a stationary device. Strap-stabilised or pull-style setups may also be used, but they should be recorded separately.
A lower score may suggest reduced force output in that position, but it does not explain why. Pain, fatigue, guarding, poor familiarisation, neurological factors or poor setup may all influence the result.
If the device displays kilograms, divide force in kg by body mass in kg and multiply by 100. For example, 24 kg ÷ 80 kg × 100 = 30% body weight.
No. It may show reduced dorsiflexion force, but it does not diagnose the cause. Suspected neurological weakness, foot drop or progressive symptoms require appropriate further assessment.
No. It can support strength monitoring, but return-to-sport reasoning should also consider symptoms, range of motion, balance, gait, hopping, running exposure, fatigue, confidence and professional judgement.
The Ankle Dorsiflexion Strength Test measures isometric dorsiflexion force.
The common Muscle Meter version is a push or make test.
The Muscle Meter alone primarily measures peak force.
When used with Measurz, additional metrics such as impulse, torque, rate of force development, time to peak and fatigue index may be recorded or analysed when relevant.
Peak force is usually the most useful primary metric for this test.
Record the exact device, attachment, position, ankle angle and units.
Body-weight percentage can help compare force relative to body size but is not a universal pass/fail value.
Reliability depends on consistent setup, stabilisation, device placement and instructions.
Measurz should record score, units, side, trials, pain, symptoms, body mass, comparison side and retest conditions.
Chamorro, C., Armijo-Olivo, S., De la Fuente, C., Fuentes, J., & Chirosa, L. J. (2017). Absolute reliability and concurrent validity of hand held dynamometry and isokinetic dynamometry in the hip, knee and ankle joint: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Medicine, 12, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1515/med-2017-0052
Drouin, J. M., Valovich-mcLeod, T. C., Shultz, S. J., Gansneder, B. M., & Perrin, D. H. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Biodex System 3 Pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0933-0
Mentiplay, B. F., Perraton, L. G., Bower, K. J., Pua, Y. H., McGaw, R., Heywood, S., & Clark, R. A. (2015). Assessment of lower limb muscle strength and power using hand-held and fixed dynamometry: A reliability and validity study. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0140822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140822
Moraux, A., Canal, A., Ollivier, G., Ledoux, I., Doppler, V., Payan, C., & Hogrel, J.-Y. (2013). Ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexion torques measured by dynamometry in healthy subjects from 5 to 80 years. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 14, 104. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-14-104
Spink, M. J., Fotoohabadi, M. R., & Menz, H. B. (2010). Foot and ankle strength assessment using hand-held dynamometry: Reliability and age-related differences. Gerontology, 56(6), 525–532. https://doi.org/10.1159/000264655
Van der Kruk, E., Reijne, M. M., & colleagues. (2025). Measurement of maximal voluntary isometric lower limb muscle strength using a hand-held dynamometer in a non-injured healthy population: A systematic review of reference values, protocols, and sex differences. Physical Therapy in Sport. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2025.07.001
