The Shoulder Internal Rotation 0° Test measures how far the shoulder rotates inward with the arm by the side and the elbow flexed. It can be assessed actively or passively using a goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone ROM tool. The result helps track shoulder rotation, compare sides and add context to pressing, pulling, reaching, swimming and shoulder strength assessments.
A client may report difficulty rotating the arm inward, controlling shoulder position during gym movements or reaching across the body while the arm is near the side. Another client may show a clear side-to-side difference in shoulder rotation when the elbow is kept close to the body.
The Shoulder Internal Rotation 0° Test provides a standard way to measure inward rotation with the arm by the side. This position is different from internal rotation at 90° abduction and should be recorded as a separate test.
Test name: Shoulder Internal Rotation 0° Test
Also known as: Shoulder internal rotation at side, IR at 0° abduction
Purpose: Measure shoulder internal rotation ROM with the arm by the side
Movement: Forearm rotates toward the body while the elbow stays flexed
Joint/body region: Shoulder complex
Plane: Transverse rotation at the shoulder
ROM type: Active ROM, passive ROM or both
Score: Degrees of shoulder internal rotation
Equipment: Goniometer, inclinometer, smartphone ROM tool or Measurz ROM workflow
Best used with: Shoulder external rotation at 0°, internal rotation at 90°, shoulder strength testing, pressing, pulling and reaching assessment
Key limitation: Trunk rotation, elbow drift, wrist movement and scapular compensation can affect the result
The Shoulder Internal Rotation 0° Test measures inward rotation of the shoulder while the upper arm stays close to the body and the elbow is flexed, commonly to around 90 degrees.
It is a useful low-abduction shoulder rotation measure and should not be confused with hand-behind-back testing or internal rotation at 90° abduction.
The test is used to quantify shoulder internal rotation at the side, compare sides and track change.
It may help inform:
Shoulder rotation monitoring
Pressing and pulling setup
Reaching and gym movement context
Shoulder strength interpretation
Pain and symptom tracking
Progress across sessions
The test measures shoulder internal rotation ROM at 0° abduction.
It may be influenced by:
Glenohumeral rotation
Scapular position
Thoracic posture
Elbow position
Forearm and wrist position
Pain or symptoms
Client effort
Measurement device
Testing position
Professional stabilisation
It does not identify the exact cause of reduced internal rotation by itself.
Active internal rotation measures how far the client can rotate the arm inward using their own control.
Passive internal rotation measures available motion when the professional guides the arm.
Active and passive values should be recorded separately because they may differ due to pain, motor control, strength, symptoms or available joint range.
This test may be useful for gym clients, swimmers, throwers, racquet sport athletes, overhead workers, older adults and clients where shoulder rotation affects training or daily movement.
Goniometer, inclinometer or smartphone ROM tool
Treatment table, chair or standing space
Towel roll if used under the elbow
Pain scale
Measurz for recording ROM, pain and symptoms
Optional comparison side notes
Choose sitting, standing or supine and record the position.
Keep the arm by the side with the elbow flexed to approximately 90 degrees. If a towel roll is used between the elbow and body, use it consistently and record it.
Stand beside or in front of the client to observe trunk rotation, elbow position, wrist movement and scapular compensation.
Start with the forearm pointing forward or in the selected neutral position.
Keep the elbow close to the side and avoid trunk rotation, shoulder shrugging or scapular tipping.
For active ROM, ask the client to rotate the forearm inward while keeping the elbow by the side.
For passive ROM, gently guide the arm into internal rotation until the first firm endpoint, symptom limit or compensation threshold.
For goniometry, commonly align the axis near the olecranon, stationary arm perpendicular to the floor or aligned with a reference line and moving arm along the ulna toward the ulnar styloid, depending on body position.
Place the inclinometer consistently on the forearm or selected segment and record placement.
Ask about pain, stiffness, stretch, pinching, instability feelings, symptom location and whether symptoms are familiar.
Stop if pain increases sharply, symptoms spread, the client guards, trunk compensation dominates or movement is not tolerated.
Record active/passive method, side, degrees, pain score, symptom location, test position, elbow angle, towel use, device used and compensation.
One to three trials may be used. Record best, average or selected trial consistently.
Use the same position, elbow angle, towel setup, device, endpoint and compensation rules each session.
The score is recorded in degrees.
A higher value means more shoulder internal rotation at 0° abduction under the tested setup. A lower value means less internal rotation compared with baseline, the other side or related shoulder findings.
Interpretation is stronger when paired with pain score, symptom location, active/passive comparison, external rotation at 0°, internal rotation at 90°, shoulder strength, pressing, pulling or functional movement findings.
The result does not explain the cause of reduced or painful internal rotation by itself.
Shoulder rotation measurement depends on body position, tool choice and consistent examiner technique. A 2022 study comparing a standard goniometer, medical inclinometer and builder’s inclinometer for shoulder and forearm ROM found that device choice and procedure can influence reliability and validity, supporting use of the same tool and protocol across retests.
A 2025 systematic review found smartphone sensor and photography methods for hand and upper-extremity ROM generally showed good-to-excellent reliability or validity in many included studies, but performance depended on the joint, movement, app or method used.
Common errors include allowing the elbow to drift away from the body, rotating the trunk, moving through the wrist instead of the shoulder, changing towel setup, inconsistent device placement, forcing passive range and not recording symptoms.
Limitations include scapular contribution, pain, guarding, device variation, position-specific results and differences between active and passive ROM.
Use shoulder internal rotation at 0° to monitor shoulder rotation, compare sides and guide rotator cuff, pressing, pulling, swimming, reaching or shoulder mobility programming.
In Measurz, record baseline shoulder internal rotation at 0° in degrees using the inclinometer or chosen device. Note active or passive method, side tested, pain score, symptom location, test position, elbow angle, towel roll use, device used, trunk rotation, scapular compensation and comparison side.
Track progress across sessions and add related external rotation, internal rotation at 90°, shoulder strength, pressing, pulling or functional movement findings.
Shoulder External Rotation 0° Test
Shoulder Internal Rotation 90° Test
Shoulder External Rotation 90° Test
Shoulder Flexion Test
Shoulder Abduction Test
Shoulder Strength Testing
Bench Press Test
Push-Up Test
It measures inward shoulder rotation with the arm by the side and the elbow flexed.
No. Hand-behind-back is a combined movement and should be recorded separately.
Both can be useful. Active and passive results should be labelled separately.
A towel roll can help standardise arm position, but it must be used consistently.
Record side, degrees, method, elbow angle, towel use, pain, symptoms and compensation.
Shoulder internal rotation at 0° measures rotation with the arm by the side.
It should be tracked separately from internal rotation at 90° and hand-behind-back measures.
Elbow position and trunk control are important.
Measurz should capture degrees, side, pain, method and setup.
Clarkson, H. M. (2020). Musculoskeletal assessment: Joint range of motion, muscle testing, and function (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Hanks, J., & Myers, B. (2022). Validity, reliability, and efficiency of a standard goniometer, medical inclinometer, and builder’s inclinometer. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 17(4), 576–588. Needs verification.
Shafiee, E., Milani Zadeh, S., MacDermid, J. C., Langohr, G. D., Johnson, J., & Lu, S. (2025). Reliability and validity of using smartphone sensor and photography to measure hand and upper extremity joint range of motion: A systematic review. Journal of Hand Therapy. Needs verification.
